Refresher Reading
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2024 Curriculum CFA Program Level I Equity Investments
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Access the Full Reading in the Learning EcosystemDownload the full reading (PDF)Introduction
Market efficiency concerns the extent to which market prices incorporate availableinformation. If market prices do not fully incorporate information, then opportunitiesmay exist to make a profit from the gathering and processing of information. The subjectof market efficiency is, therefore, of great interest to investment managers, as illustratedin Example 1.
The chief investment officer (CIO) of a major university endowment fund has listedeight steps in the active manager selection process that can be applied both to traditionalinvestments (e.g., common equity and fixed-income securities) and to alternative investments(e.g., private equity, hedge funds, and real assets). The first step specified isthe evaluation of market opportunity:
What is the opportunity and why is it there? To answer this question, we start bystudying capital markets and the types of managers operating within those markets.We identify market inefficiencies and try to understand their causes, such as regulatorystructures or behavioral biases. We can rule out many broad groups of managers andstrategies by simply determining that the degree of market inefficiency necessaryto support a strategy is implausible. Importantly, we consider the past history ofactive returns meaningless unless we understand why markets will allow those activereturns to continue into the future.
The CIO’s description underscores the importance of not assuming that past activereturns that might be found in a historical dataset will repeat themselves in thefuture. refer to returns earned by strategies that do not assume that all information is fully reflected in market prices.
Governments and market regulators also care about the extent to which market pricesincorporate information. Efficient markets imply informative prices—prices that accuratelyreflect available information about fundamental values. In market-based economies,market prices help determine which companies (and which projects) obtain capital.If these prices do not efficiently incorporate information about a company’s prospects,then it is possible that funds will be misdirected. By contrast, prices that are informativehelp direct scarce resources and funds available for investment to their highest-valueduses.Informative prices thus promote economic growth. The efficiency of a country’s capitalmarkets (in which businesses raise financing) is an important characteristic of awell-functioning financial system.
The remainder of this reading is organized as follows. Section 2 provides specificson how the efficiency of an asset market is described and discusses the factors affecting(i.e., contributing to and impeding) market efficiency. Section 3 presents an influentialthree-way classification of the efficiency of security markets and discusses its implicationsfor fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and portfolio management. Section 4presents several market anomalies (apparent market inefficiencies that have receivedenough attention to be individually identified and named) and describes how theseanomalies relate to investment strategies. Section 5 introduces behavioral financeand how that field of study relates to market efficiency. A summary concludes thereading.
Learning Outcomes
The member should be able to:
The candidate should be able to:
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describe market efficiency and related concepts, including their importance to investment practitioners;
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distinguish between market value and intrinsic value;
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explain factors that affect a market’s efficiency;
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contrast weak-form, semi-strong-form, and strong-form market efficiency;
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explain the implications of each form of market efficiency for fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and the choice between active and passive portfolio management;
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describe market anomalies;
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describe behavioral finance and its potential relevance to understanding market anomalies.
Summary
This reading has provided an overview of the theory and evidence regarding marketefficiency and has discussed the different forms of market efficiency as well as theimplications for fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and portfolio management.The general conclusion drawn from the efficient market hypothesis is that it is notpossible to beat the market on a consistent basis by generating returns in excessof those expected for the level of risk of the investment.
Additional key points include the following:
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The efficiency of a market is affected by the number of market participants and depth of analyst coverage, information availability, and limits to trading.
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There are three forms of efficient markets, each based on what is considered to be the information used in determining asset prices. In the weak form, asset prices fully reflect all market data, which refers to all past price and trading volume information. In the semi-strong form, asset prices reflect all publicly known and available information. In the strong form, asset prices fully reflect all information, which includes both public and private information.
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Intrinsic value refers to the true value of an asset, whereas market value refers to the price at which an asset can be bought or sold. When markets are efficient, the two should be the same or very close. But when markets are not efficient, the two can diverge significantly.
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Most empirical evidence supports the idea that securities markets in developed countries are semi-strong-form efficient; however, empirical evidence does not support the strong form of the efficient market hypothesis.
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A number of anomalies have been documented that contradict the notion of market efficiency, including the size anomaly, the January anomaly, and the winners–losers anomalies. In most cases, however, contradictory evidence both supports and refutes the anomaly.
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Behavioral finance uses human psychology, such as behavioral biases, in an attempt to explain investment decisions. Whereas behavioral finance is helpful in understanding observed decisions, a market can still be considered efficient even if market participants exhibit seemingly irrational behaviors, such as herding.
